Air Pollution Essay

BEIJING — Outdoor air pollution contributed to 1.2 million premature deaths in China in 2010, nearly 40 percent of the global total, according to a new summary of data from a scientific study on leading causes of death worldwide. Figured another way, the researchers said, China’s toll from pollution was the loss of 25 million healthy years of life from the population. The data on which the analysis is based was first presented in the ambitious 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study, which was published in December in The Lancet, a British medical journal. The authors decided to break out numbers for specific countries and present the findings at international conferences. The China statistics were offered at a forum in Beijing on Sunday. â€Å"We have been rolling out the India- and China-specific numbers, as they speak more directly to national leaders than regional numbers,† said Robert O’Keefe, the vice president of the Health Effects Institute, a research organization that is helping to present the study. The organization is partly financed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the global motor vehicle industry. What the researchers called â€Å"ambient particulate matter pollution† was the fourth-leading risk factor for deaths in China in 2010, behind dietary risks, high blood pressure and smoking. Air pollution ranked seventh on the worldwide list of risk factors, contributing to 3.2 million deaths in 2010. By comparison with China, India, which also has densely populated cities grappling with similar levels of pollution, had 620,000 premature deaths in 2010 because of outdoor air pollution, the study found. That was deemed to be the sixth most common killer in South Asia. The study was led by an institute at the University of Washington and several partner universities and institutions, including the World Health Organization. Calculations of premature deaths because of outdoor air pollution are politically threatening in the eyes of some Chinese officials . According to news reports, Chinese officials cut out sections of a 2007 report called â€Å"Cost of Pollution in China† that discussed premature deaths. The report’s authors had concluded that 350,000 to 400,000 people die prematurely in China each  year because of outdoor air pollution. The study was done by the World Bank in cooperation with the Chinese State Environmental Protection Administration, the precursor to the Ministry of Environmental Protection. There have been other estimates of premature deaths because of air pollution. In 2011, the World Health Organization estimated that there were 1.3 million premature deaths in cities worldwide because of outdoor air pollution. Last month, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, based in Paris, warned that â€Å"urban air pollution is set to become the top environmental cause of mortality worldwide by 2050, ahead of dirty water and lack of sanitation.† It estimated that up to 3.6 million people could end up dying prematurely from air pollution each year, mostly in China and India. There has been growing outrage in Chinese cities over what many say are untenable levels of air pollution. Cities across the north hit record levels in January, and official Chinese newspapers ran front-page articles on the surge — what some foreigners call the â€Å"airpocalypse† — despite earlier limits on such discussion by propaganda officials. In February, the State Council, China’s cabinet, announced a timeline for introducing new fuel standards, but state-owned oil and power companies are known to block or ignore environmental policies to save on costs. A study released on Thursday said the growth rate of disclosure of pollution information in 113 Chinese cities had slowed. The groups doing the study, the Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs, based in Beijing, and the Natural Resources Defense Council, based in Washington, said that â€Å"faced with the current situation of severe air, water and soil pollution, we must make changes to pollution source information disclosure so that information is no longer patchy, out of date and difficult to o btain.† Chinese officials have made some progress in disclosing crucial air pollution statistics. Official news reports have said 74 cities are now required to release data on levels of particulate matter 2.5 micrometers in diameter or smaller, which penetrate the body’s tissues most deeply. For years, Chinese officials had been collecting the data but refusing to release it, until they came under pressure from Chinese who saw that the United States Embassy in Beijing was measuring the levels hourly and posting the data in a Twitter feed, @BeijingAir. Last week, an official Chinese news report said the cost of environmental degradation in China was about $230 billion in 2010, or 3.5  percent of the gross domestic product. The estimate, said to be partial, came from a research institute under the Ministry of Environmental Protection, and was three times the amount in 2004, in local currency terms. It was unclear to what extent those numbers took into account the costs of health care and premature deaths because of pollution. National Park Service Air Pollution – Its Nature, Sources, and Effects http://www.nps.gov/shen/naturescience/airpollution.htm Last Updated: 04/09/2014 Summer View, mountains in the distance from Skyline Drive. John F. Mitchell – NPS Volunteer Introduction Air pollution occurs in many forms but can generally be thought of as gaseous and particulate contaminants that are present in the earth’s atmosphere. Gaseous pollutants include sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOC), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), hydrogen fluoride (HF), and various gaseous forms of metals. These pollutants are emitted from large stationary sources such as fossil fuel fired power plants, smelters, industrial boilers, petroleum refineries, and manufacturing facilities as well as from area and mobile sources. They are corrosive to various materials which causes damage to cultural resources, can cause injury to ecosystems and organisms, aggravate respiratory diseases, and reduce visibility. Particulates come in both large and small or â€Å"fine† solid forms. Large particulates include substances such as dust, asbestos fibers, and lead. Fine particulates include sulfates (SO4) and nitrates (NO3). Important sources of particulates are power plants, smelters, mining operations, and automobiles. Asbestos and lead affect organisms, while sulfates and nitrates not only cause health problems, but also contribute to acid rain or acid deposition and a reduction in visibility. Particulate matter, a term sometimes used instead of particulates, refers to the mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air. Toxic air pollutants are a class of chemicals which may  potentially cause health problems in a significant way. The sources of toxic air pollutants include power plants, industries, pesticide application, and contaminated windblown dust. Persistent toxic pollutants, such as mercury, are of particular concern because of their global mobility and ability to accumulate in the food chain. More research is needed to fully understand the fate and effects of mercury and the many other toxic pollutants. Primary pollutants are those that are emitted directly into the air from pollution sources. Secondary pollutants are formed when primary pollutants undergo chemical changes in the atmosphere. Ozone is an example of a secondary pollutant. It is formed when nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are mixed and warmed by sunlight. Ozone (O3) is a major component of what is often referred to as smog. The ozone which is present in the troposphere, or the atmosphere that is close to the ground, should not be confused with beneficial ozone that is located in the stratosphere or upper atmosphere. This beneficial ozone in the stratosphere helps protect the earth from harmful ultraviolet light from the sun. Sources of Air Pollution Stationary and Area Sources A stationary source of air pollution refers to an emission source that does not move, also known as a point source. Stationary sources include factories, power plants, dry cleaners and degreasing operations. The term area source is used to describe many small sources of air pollution located together whose individual emissions may be below thresholds of concern, but whose collective emissions can be significant. Residential wood burners are a good example of a small source, but when combined with many other small sources, they can contribute to local and regional air pollution levels. Area sources can also be thought of as non-point sources, such as construction of housing developments, dry lake beds, and landfills. Mobile Sources A mobile source of air pollution refers to a source that is capable of moving under its own power. In general, mobile sources imply â€Å"on-road† transportation, which includes vehicles such as cars, sport utility vehicles, and buses. In addition, there is also a â€Å"non-road† or â€Å"off-road†Ã‚  category that includes gas-powered lawn tools and mowers, farm and construction equipment, recreational vehicles, boats, planes, and trains. Agricultural Sources Agricultural operations, those that raise animals and grow crops, can generate emissions of gases and particulate matter. For example, animals confined to a barn or restricted area (rather than field grazing), produce large amounts of manure. Manure emits various gases, particularly ammonia into the air. This ammonia can be emitted from the animal houses, manure storage areas, or from the land after the manure is applied. In crop production, the misapplication of fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides can potentially result in aerial drift of these materials and harm may be caused. Natural Sources Although industrialization and the use of motor vehicles are overwhelmingly the most significant contributors to air pollution, there are important natural sources of â€Å"pollution† as well. Wildland fires, dust storms, and volcanic activity also contribute gases and particulates to our atmosphere. Unlike the above mentioned sources of air pollution, natural â€Å"air pollution† is not caused by people or their activities. An erupting volcano emits particulate matter and gases; forest and prairie fires can emit large quantities of â€Å"pollutants†; plants and trees naturally emit VOCs which are oxidized and form aerosols that can cause a natural blue haze; and dust storms can create large amounts of particulate matter. Wild animals in their natural habitat are also considered natural sources of â€Å"pollution†. The National Park Service recognizes that each of these sources emits gases and particulate matter into the atmosphere but we regard these as constituents resulting from natural processes. Air Pollution at Shenandoah Sources of air pollution that affect Shenandoah National Park are largely outside of the park. These include industrial facilities located throughout the mid-Atlantic region and the Ohio River Valley as well as urban centers in this same region. Because most areas adjacent to the park are rural and agricultural, it is clear that transport of pollutants from distant  locations is an important element upon which park air quality hinges. Even some agricultural activities, such as ammonia from the poultry industry and pesticides that are applied to adjacent fields, may contribute to air pollution in the park. In-park emission sources are relatively small, but do include motor vehicles, maintenance equipment, small boilers and generators. The relative contribution from the in-park sources is very small compared to other sources. In a July 2002 report describing an emissions inventory for Shenandoah National Park, it was determined that less than 1% of emissions were produced from in-par k sources. How does air pollution move? Air transport is the term used to describe the mechanism by which air pollution moves from an emissions source to a receptor. A source is a location (i.e., smokestack, chimney, exhaust pipe) from which the pollutant emanates and a receptor is the place (i.e., soil, vegetation, waterbodies, human lungs) where the pollutant is deposited. The atmosphere itself is the transporter of pollutants from sources to receptors. If the wind carries the plume of pollution high enough in the air, it may travel for hundreds of miles before being brought to earth. This is known as long-range or long-distance transport. Air Pollution Effects The air is an important component of the natural system of a park in its own right. The presence of pollution in the atmosphere results directly in air quality degradation. Air pollution is also a critical factor affecting the quality of other environmental resources as well as the human-made structures and facilities in the area. Polluted air can and has harmed park resources in a variety of ways depending upon the chemistry of the pollutant, weather and environmental conditions, and the nature or sensitivity of park resources. Examples of this harm include vegetative discoloration and growth disruption from ozone, loss of aquatic species from stream acidification, shifts in nutrient availability from acid deposition, and erosion of building surfaces and rock formations. Air pollution impairs visibility and contributes to climate change. Air pollution can also be detrimental to human health. Shchooltoday Your Cool Facts and Tips on Air Pollution What causes air pollution? Air pollution can result from both human and natural actions. Natural events that pollute the air include forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion, pollen dispersal, evaporation of organic compounds and natural radioactivity. Pollution from natural occurrences are not very often. Human activities that result in air pollution include: 1. Emissions from industries and manufacturing activities Have you seen a manufacturing company before? You will notice that there are long tubes (called chimneys) erected high into the air, with lots of smoke and fumes coming out of it. Waste incinerators, manufacturing industries and power plants emit high levels of carbon monoxide, organic compounds, and chemicals into the air. This happens almost everywhere that people live. Petroleum refineries also release lots of hydrocarbons into the air. 2. Burning Fossil Fuels After the industrial age, transportation has become a key part of our lives. Cars and heavy duty trucks, trains, shipping vessels and airplanes all burn lots of fossil fuels to work. Emissions from automobile engines contain both primary and secondary pollutants. This is a major cause of pollution, and one that is very difficult to manage. This is because humans rely heavily on vehicles and engines for transporting people, good and services. Fumes from car exhauts contain dangerous gases such as carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons and particulates. On their own, they cause great harm to people who breath them. Additionally, they react with environmental gases to create further toxic gases. Click here to see the effects 3. Household and Farming Chemicals Crop dusting, fumigating homes, household cleaning products or painting supplies, over the counter insect/pest killers, fertilizer dust emit harmful chemicals into the air and cause pollution. In many case, when we use these chemicals at home or offices with no or little ventilation, we may fall ill if we breathe them. What are the common air pollutants around? Carbon Monoxide (CO) Fuel combustion from vehicles and engines. Reduces the amount of oxygen reaching the body’s organs and tissues; aggravates heart disease, resulting in chest pain and other symptoms. Ground-level Ozone (O3)  Secondary pollutant formed by chemical reaction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx in the presence of sunlight. Decreases lung function and causes respiratory symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath, and also makes asthma and other lung diseases get worse. More on Ground Level Ozone Here Lead (Pb) Smelters (metal refineries) and other metal industries; combustion of leaded gasoline in piston engine aircraft; waste incinerators (waste burners), and battery manufacturing. Damages the developing nervous system, resulting in IQ loss and impacts on learning, memory, and behavior in children. Cardiovascular and renal effects in adults and early effects related to anaemia. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Fuel combustion (electric utilities, big industrial boilers, vehicles) and wood burning. Worsens lung diseases leading to respiratory symptoms, increased susceptibility to respiratory infection. Particulate Matter (PM) This is formed through chemical reactions, fuel combustion (e.g., burning coal, wood, diesel), industrial processes, farming (plowing, field burning), and unpaved roads or during road constructions. Short-term exposures can worsen heart or lung diseases and cause respiratory problems. Long-term exposures can cause heart or lung disease and sometimes premature deaths. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) SO2 come from fuel combustion (especially high-sulfur coal); electric utilities and industrial processes as well as and natural occurances like volcanoes. Aggravates asthma and makes breathing difficult.It also contributes to particle formation with associated health effects. What are the effects of air pollution? Acidification: Chemical reactions involving air pollutants can create acidic compounds which can cause harm to vegetation and buildings. Sometimes, when an air pollutant, such as sulfuric acid combines with the water droplets that make up clouds, the water droplets become acidic, forming acid rain. When acid rain falls over an area, it can kill trees and harm animals, fish, and other wildlife. Acid rain destroys the leaves of plants. When acid rain infiltrates into soils, it changes the chemistry of the soil making it unfit for many living things that rely on soil as a habitat or for nutrition. Acid rain also changes the chemistry of the lakes and streams that the rainwater flows into, harming fish and other aquatic life. Eutrophication: Rain can carry and deposit the Nitrogen in some pollutants on rivers and soils. This will adversely affect the nutrients in the soil and water bodies. This can result in algae growth in lakes and water bodies, and make conditions for other living organism harmful. Ground-level ozone: Chemical reactions involving air pollutants create a poisonous gas ozone (O3). Gas Ozone can affect people’s health and can damage vegetation types and some animal life too. Particulate matter:  Air pollutants can be in the form of particulate matter which can be very harmful to our health. The level of effect usually depends on the length of time of exposure, as well the kind and concentration of chemicals and particles exposed to. Short-term effects include irritation to the eyes, nose and throat, and upper respiratory infections such as bronchitis and  pneumonia. Others include headaches, nausea, and allergic reactions. Short-term air pollution can aggravate the medical conditions of individuals with asthma and emphysema. Long-term health effects can include chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys. Continual exposure to air pollution affects the lungs of growing children and may aggravate or compli cate medical conditions in the elderly. Air pollution prevention, monitoring and solution. Solution efforts on pollution is always a big problem. This is why prevention interventions are always a better way of controlling air pollution. These prevention methods can either come from government (laws) or by individual actions. In many big cities, monitoring equipment have been installed at many points in the city. Authorities read them regularly to check the quality of air. Let’s see more below: Government (or community) level prevention Governments throughout the world have already taken action against air pollution by introducing green energy. Some governments are investing in wind energy and solar energy, as well as other renewable energy, to minimize burning of fossil fuels, which cause heavy air pollution. Governments are also forcing companies to be more responsible with their manufacturing activities, so that even though they still cause pollution, they are a lot controlled. Companies are also building more energy efficient cars, which pollute less than before. Individual Level Prevention Encourage your family to use the bus, train or bike when commuting. If we all do this, there will be less cars on road and less fumes. Use energy (light, water, boiler, kettle and fire woods) wisely. This is because lots of fossil fuels are burned to generate electricity, and so if we can cut down the use, we will also cut down the amount of pollution we create. Recycle and re-use things. This will minimize the dependence of producing new things. Remember manufacturing industries create a lot of pollution, so if we can re-use things like shopping plastic bags, clothing, paper and bottles, it can help. Basic Air Pollution Facts Below are some random facts and info on environmental pollution. Air pollutants (dangerous things that make the air unclean)come in the form of gases or particles. In March 2011, a very powerful earthquake in the sea (tsunami) hit the Japan coast. The sea level rose and water came into the land, damaging 4 of the 6 reactors in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. World Health Organisation (WHO) experts confirm that there is slight increased risk of some cancer types for some people who were exposed to the radiation. These included people living in that area and some workers at the plant. Below is a peice of the information given on BBC website: â€Å"The biggest lifetime risks were seen in those exposed as infants, compared with children or adults. For girls exposed to radiation from the accident as infants, the report found a 4% increase above the lifetime expected risk of solid tumours and a 6% increase above that expected for breast cancer. Boys exposed as infants are expected to have a 7% increased risk of leukaemia above that expected in the normal population. The biggest risk was seen in thyroid cancer, which for infant girls could be up to 70% higher than expected over their lifetime.† BBC Website: /news/health-21614722 It is estimated that you breathe 20,000 liters of air each day. This means the more polluted the air is, the more we breathe into our lungs dangerous chemicals. Air can be polluted both indoors and outdoors. Tobacco and other kinds of smoking are examples of indoor air pollution. Sick Building Syndrome is a health condition related to pesticides, insecticides and chemicals we use at home and offices. In the great â€Å"Smog Disaster† in London in 1952, four thousand people died in a few days due to the high concentrations of pollution. Air pollution affects kids more than adults  because, for their body size, kids breathe more air and spend more time playing outside. More hazardous pollutants are discharged into the air each year than are released to surface water, ground water, and land, combined. Motor vehicles produce more air pollution than any other single human activity. One full commuter bus can mean 40 less cars going through your neighborhood. In America, vehicle exhaust contributes roughly 60% of all carbon monoxide emissions nationwide, and up to 95% in cities. Indoor air pollution and health Around 3 billion people cook and heat their homes using open fires and leaky stoves burning biomass (wood, animal dung and crop waste) and coal. Nearly 2 million people die prematurely from illness attributable to indoor air pollution from household solid fuel use. Nearly 50% of pneumonia deaths among children under five are due to particulate matter inhaled from indoor air pollution. More than 1 million people a year die from chronic obstructive respiratory disease (COPD) that develop due to exposure to such indoor air pollution. Both women and men exposed to heavy indoor smoke are 2-3 times more likely to develop COPD Source: WHO Ozone Depletion: Losing Earth’s Protective Layer National Geographic The ozone layer is a belt of naturally occurring ozone gas that sits 9.3 to 18.6 miles (15 to 30 kilometers) above Earth and serves as a shield from the harmful ultraviolet B radiation emitted by the sun. Ozone is a highly reactive molecule that contains three oxygen atoms. It is constantly being formed and broken down in the high atmosphere, 6.2 to 31 miles (10 to 50 kilometers) above Earth, in the region called the stratosphere. Today, there is widespread concern that the ozone layer is deteriorating due to the release of pollution containing the chemicals chlorine and bromine. Such deterioration allows large amounts of ultraviolet B rays to reach Earth, which can cause skin cancer and cataracts in humans and harm animals as  well. Extra ultraviolet B radiation reaching Earth also inhibits the reproductive cycle of phytoplankton, single-celled organisms such as algae that make up the bottom rung of the food chain. Biologists fear that reductions in phytoplankton populations will in turn lower the populations of other animals. Researchers also have documented changes in the reproductive rates of young fish, shrimp, and crabs as well as frogs and salamanders exposed to excess ultraviolet B. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), chemicals found mainly in spray aerosols heavily used by industrialized nations for much of the past 50 years, are the primary culprits in ozone layer breakdown. When CFCs reach the upper atmosphere, they are exposed to ultraviolet rays, which causes them to break down into substances that include chlorine. The chlorine reacts with the oxygen atoms in ozone and rips apart the ozone molecule. One atom of chlorine can destroy more than a hundred thousand ozone molecules, according to the the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The ozone layer above the Antarctic has been particularly impacted by pollution since the mid-1980s. This region’s low temperatures speed up the conversion of CFCs to chlorine. In the southern spring and summer, when the sun shines for long periods of the day, chlorine reacts with ultraviolet rays, destroying ozone on a massive scale, up to 65 percent. This is what some people erroneously refer to as the â€Å"ozone hole.† In other regions, the ozone layer has deteriorated by about 20 percent. About 90 percent of CFCs currently in the atmosphere were emitted by industrialized countries in the Northern Hemisphere, including the United States and Europe. These countries banned CFCs by 1996, and the amount of chlorine in the atmosphere is falling now. But scientists estimate it will take another 50 years for chlorine levels to return to their natural levels. Clean Air Kids The Earth is wrapped in a blanket of air called the ‘atmosphere’, which is made up of several layers. About 19-30 kilometres above the Earth is a layer of gas called ozone, which is a form of oxygen. Ozone is produced naturally in the atmosphere. WHY DO WE HAVE AN OZONE LAYER? The ozone layer is very important because it stops too many of the sun’s ‘ultra-violet rays’ (UV rays) getting through to the Earth – these are the rays that cause our skin to tan. Too much UV can cause skin cancer and will also harm all plants and animals. Life on Earth could not exist without the protective shield of the ozone layer. WHAT IS THE OZONE HOLE? Every spring, a hole as big as the USA develops in the ozone layer over Antarctica, in the South Pole. A smaller hole develops each year over the Arctic, at the North Pole. And there are signs that the ozone layer is getting thinner all over the planet. Scientists have discovered that the ozone hole over Antarctica started in 1979, and that the ozone layer generally started to get thin in the early 1980s. The loss of the ozone layer occurs when more ozone is being destroyed than nature is creating. WHAT CAUSES THE OZONE HOLE? One group of gases is particularly likely to damage the ozone layer. These gases are called CFCs, Chloro-Fluoro-Carbons. CFCs are used in some spray cans to force the contents out of the can. They are also used in refrigerators, air conditioning systems and some fire extinguishers. They are used because they are not poisonous and do not catch fire. Most countries have now stopped using new CFCs that can be released into the atmosphere, but many scientists believe we must stop using old ones as well. THE OZONE HOLE AND OUR HEALTH The ozone layer is like a sunscreen, and a thinning of it would mean that more ultra-violet rays would be reaching us. Too many UV rays would cause more sunburn, and because sunburn causes skin cancer, this too would increase deaths. These UV rays are also dangerous for our eyes and could cause an increase in people becoming blind. That is why sun cream and sunglasses are very important. THE OZONE HOLE ON ANIMALS AND PLANTS UV rays can go through water and end up killing small water animals or  plants, called ‘plankton’ which form the base of the food chain in oceans and seas. Whales and other fishes have plankton as their main food, and if plankton die because of these UV rays, whales will start dying too, because they will not have anything to eat. Large amounts of UV rays could damage all green plants. If the ozone layer keeps getting thinner, there could be fewer and fewer plants on Earth, then there would be less food in the whole world. THE TWO-FACED OZONE GAS Ozone found between 19 and 30 kilometres high in the atmosphere is one of the reasons why we are alive on Earth. But when the gas ozone is found lower down where we can breathe it in, it becomes very dangerous for our health. This ozone is caused by a reaction between air pollution and sunlight and can cause modern-day smog. This is different to the smog that formed in the early 20th century from smoke and fog. What can you do: There are many things we can do to help reduce air pollution and global warming. Use buses and trains instead of cars, as they can carry a lot more people in one journey. This cuts down the amount of pollution produced. Walking or cycling whenever you can will be even better, as it does not create any pollution. It will also be good for your body, as regular exercise will keep you fit and healthy. If your parents must use the car, ask them to avoid using it for very short journeys if possible, as this creates unnecessary pollution. Try to encourage them to share their journeys with other people, for example when they go to work or go shopping. Also encourage them to drive more slowly as this produces less pollution and less carbon dioxide. Energy is produced to generate electricity and to keep us warm. Most energy is produced by the burning of fossil fuels, like coal, oil and gas, which release carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. Fuel burnt in our cars also releases carbon dioxide. As an individual, you do not have a lot of control on how your energy is produced. However, you can control the way in which you use that energy. Using less energy means less of it needs to be produced. So less carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. We can also help prevent pollution from our own homes which may contribute to acid rain and poor air quality, and increases emissions of carbon dioxide in the  atmosphere. Turning off lights when they are not needed and not wasting electricity will reduce the demand for energy. Less electricity will need to be produced and so less coal, oil and gas will have to be burnt in power stations, which means less air pollution and less carbon dioxide! Pollution formed indoors can be reduced by ensuring that all gas appliances are working correctly. Good ventilation will improve indoor air quality by dispersing biological pollutants like dust mite, and other pollutants such as cigarette smoke. Most of the rubbish we throw away can be recycled, such as glass bottles and jars, steel and aluminium cans, plastic bottles and waste paper. Recycling used materials uses less energy than making new ones. Composting fruit and vegetable waste reduces the amount of rubbish buried at rubbish dumps. What are the Governments doing? Governments throughout the world have already taken action for these different environmental problems (i.e. Acid Rain, Air Quality, Ozone Hole, Global Warming). In their plans they hope to reduce the amount of emissions of greenhouse gases produced by man. About half of the greenhouse effect is caused by our use of energy, especially from fossil fuels. Other sources of energy could be used which do not emit carbon dioxide, e.g. wind power, solar (sun power) and wave power. In the home and at school, we must learn to use energy efficiently and not waste it. Rain is very important for life. All living things need water to live, even people. Rain brings us the water we need. But in many places in the world even where you live, rain has become a menace. Because of pollution in the air, acid gases from factories, cars and homes, the rain is becoming dangerous for the life of every living creature. This rain is known as ‘acid rain’. WHAT IS ACID RAIN? Acid gases are produced when fossil fuels like coal and oil are burned in power stations, factories and in our own homes. Most of these acid gases are blown into the sky, and when they mix with the clouds it can cause rain – or snow, sleet, fog, mist or hail – to become more acidic. The opposites of  acid are alkalis; for example, toothpaste and baking powder are both alkalis. Strong alkalis can also be dangerous, such as ammonia and bleach. Lemon juice, vinegar and cola are all acidic. Rain is naturally acidic, but acid gases make it even more acidic, sometimes as acid as lemon! Nature can also produce acid gases, such as volcanoes. When they erupt, the smoke that comes out of the crater is also full of acid gases. HOW DO WE MEASURE ACIDITY? There is a special scale called the pH scale that measures the strength of acids and alkalis. A low pH number means something is acid. A high number means something is alkali. And something in the middle is called neutral. Acidity can be tested using litmus paper. Usually rain is a little acidic, and has pH of about 5.5, if the pH of rainfall is less than 5.5, then the rain is probably polluted by acid gases. Acids turn litmus paper red, and alkalis turn it blue. With a special paper called universal indicator, you can test levels of acidity. WHAT ARE THE MAIN GASES THAT CAUSE ACID RAIN? When we burn fuels, chemicals called ‘sulphur’ and ‘nitrogen’ are released into the air. Once in the air, they mix with water in the air – rain, snow, etc – and are transformed into different chemicals called ‘sulphur dioxide’ and ‘nitrogen oxides’, which can be very dangerous for plants, animals and people. Most of the ‘sulphur’ comes from power stations, which make electricity, and also from volcanoes. Most of the ‘nitrogen oxides’ come from car and truck exhausts. We call ‘air pollution’ the bad gases that we produce and release in the air. ‘Sulphur dioxide’ and ‘nitrogen oxides’ are the most important causes of acid rain. A PROBLEM ALL OVER THE WORLD Air pollution can be carried over long distances. When acid gases are released, they go high up in the sky, and then they are pushed by strong winds towards other countries. The acid rain in Sweden is caused by air pollution in Britain and other countries of Europe. The pollution produced in Britain ends up mostly in Scandinavia – countries in northern Europe  including Sweden, Norway and Denmark. In the USA, the winds blow the air pollution to certain areas in Canada. HOW BAD IS ACID RAIN? When rain is acidic, it affects what it falls on: trees, lakes, buildings and farmland. Sometimes rain is not very acidic and does not cause a lot of problems, but when it is acidic, it can be very harmful to the environment. TREES AND PLANTS Acid rain can have terrible effects on a forest. The acid takes away important minerals from the leaves and the soil. Minerals are like vitamins for trees and plants. Without them, trees and plants cannot grow properly. They lose their leaves and become very weak. They are no longer strong enough to fight against illnesses and frost. They become very ill and can even die. Some soils are alkaline, when acid rain falls on them the acid becomes neutral. Plants and trees living on these soils are not in any big danger.. LAKES AND WATER LIFE Acid rain has a terrible effect on water life. Even if the acid rain does not fall straight into the lake, for example, it may enter from rivers and streams. Some of the life in the lake such as fish and plants may end up dying, because they cannot survive in acidic lakes. Thousands of lakes in Scandinavia have no more life in them. They have received so much acid rain for so many years, because of the winds pushing the acid gases, that nothing can survive. You can recognise a lake dead from acid rain by its clean and crystal clear water. But they look clean because there is very little living in them anymore. Tiny plants and animals are mostly unable to survive.. OUR HEALTH Particulates – very small particles of debris found in some of the air pollution – are one of the main causes of health problems. In towns and cities, these are released mainly by diesel engines from cars and trucks. When we breathe in air pollution, these very fine particulates can easily enter our body, where they can cause breathing problems, and over time even  cause cancer. Water we drink from taps can be contaminated by acid rain, which can damage the brain.. BUILDINGS Acid rain can also ruin buildings because the acid eats into metal and stone. It also damages stained glass and plastics. Some types of building materials are softer than others, and it is the softer ones which are most affected by acid rain. Sandstone and limestone are examples of stone which are fairly soft and are damaged easily. Granite is an example of a harder stone that can resist the effects of acid rain. In many places in the world, ancient and famous buildings and monuments are affected by acid rain. For example, the Statue of Liberty in New York, USA, has had to be restored because of acid rain damage. Buildings are naturally eroded by rain, wind, frost and the sun, but when acidic gases are present, it speeds up the erosion.

What is Image (a social statement)

Image. What is it? Like anything, different people interpret image in different ways. Hence, image has a varied amount of interpretations, for its definitions. Interpretations of this word include how a person looks, acts, reputation etc. etc. Many more can be added to this list. Definition given by the dictionary, of image is: – † a picture or statue of a person, or the appearance of something as seen in a mirror or through a lens etc. a person or thing that is very much like another reputation† Society in general, takes image as an indicator of what at person like is. Image of a person is interpreted in different ways by society. It maybe how a person physically looks, type of clothes they may where, type of music they may listen to, personality, friends they may have, and so on. An example of this in reality would be if someone saw a person who was wearing baggy clothes, who had long hair and was skating they would deduce they also like rock music, and are ‘moshers', if the person who saw this doesn't like rock music or skating, they would probably not want themselves to be associated with this person all because of the image they have. Everyone presents an image, and the above are the things which society uses to create an image of an individual from what they present. Image and society, why is there a link? In a recent survey carried out, 60% of the population use image and not personality of a individual to decide if they like them, and if so how much. Society and image then leads onto categorisation. Generally society use image to place everyone in a group. Reason for this who knows? It may be people want to know what everyone else is like, and if people group others they can decide on thins like who they like or not, and also people could decide on things like who they want to be with. According to another survey in social behaviour, 70% of the people surveyed admitted to grouping people. The most popular group people come up with to categorize people are ‘Townie and Moshers'. This is a classic example of grouping. ‘Townies', are thought of to listen to dance music or urban music (because they think it's cool), they wear ‘townie gear', which is trackies and other things with huge sport labels written on them, and they boast about smoking weed. Whereas ‘Moshers' are stereotyped as listening to rock (mosher) music, like the colour black, have long hair, wear baggy clothes, take lots of drugs and only sporting activity they may do is skating. Image can be a positive influence because it could provide good role models to the public. People may look up to the image an individual may have, and it may influence them, if the role model is good this could be good for individuals, as it may make them better people. This can also have a negative effect on people, if the role model is bad. Image can also be bad because some may become to conscious about their image that they are presenting, and some people may find it uncomfortable being in public because of this reason. Another reason why image can be bad is that when society categorises, prejudice may be created as people will listen to anything and like or dislike people because of an image they may have, as their obviously will be minority groups, which generally people don't want to exist. People are different so they may be discriminated against, and people would be prejudice against, because they don't fit into usual categories. It is a fact today's society use image and not personality of someone to rate them. It's like a the worlds a huge playground, and one child sees other and immediately shouts out â€Å"you're a geek†, and doesn't become friends with them all because apparently this other child looks like a geek. This point has a negative effect on society. As some people spend too much time worrying about image, also some people are left out, and discriminated because they may have a bad image, but they may still be good people.

(discussion format ) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

(discussion format ) - Assignment Example Very similarly, many other companies benefit from introducing e-commerce into their business models, even smaller companies that market their products through third-party suites such as e-bay are booming. Thus, the internet can help a company to diversify in two ways: (a) Diversifying customer-base (ex: selling on ebay or on own website through e-commerce solutions) and (b) Diversifying product range (similar to what HP did). Moreover, the internet enables faster communication by the means of VoIP (Skype, IM, Yahoo!) and e-mail, and of course the easy promotion of a business by the means of social networking websites such as twitter or Facebook. Furthermore, websites such as YouTube and Vimeo are just more cheap promotional methods to increase customer base or help in the launch of a new product. Not only that but web 2.0 can also help a company earn more revenues, such as revenues from advertisements on owned website and revenues from selling products from related industries and act ing as an agent.

Company analysis of sprint Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Company analysis of sprint - Essay Example The company is a major conglomerate that has acquired various smaller entities that provide mobile telecommunications, Internet and other wireless services. The company is a public entity that is traded on the New York Stock Exchange and its functions can be traced back to 1899 when Brown Telephone Company was founded to provide telephone services to Kansas. The company therefore has a lot of services that are provided by different specialized entities in the group. The main focus is on growing and expanding in order to enter profitable niches and sectors of the global telecommunication industry Sprint was founded by Cleyson Brown in 1899 and he sought to introduce telephone technology to his home state of Kansas and he did this by introducing Brown Telephone Company as a monopoly in Abilene, Kansas (Sprint Nextel para 2). The company expanded its services to different parts of the state of Kansas and by the end of the Second World War, Brown Telephone Company had a firm grip on the Southern USA markets. It expanded gradually to different parts of the United States and used aggressive growth strategies to penetrate into other parts of the American markets. By the mid-1970s the company had positioned itself as the largest independent local telephone company (Sprint Nextel para 3). Then the markets for long-distance communication grew in the 1980s through the introduction of digital and fiber-optic networks. Sprint moved to take the opportunity and invested in these new technologies. With time, the company became a pioneer in data collections and became the largest commercial packet data network in the United States in 1980. In the 1990s, Sprint grew to focus on consumer and business clients and this allowed them to specialize in the voice and data services. There was a merger in 1993 of Sprint and Centel which created the impetus for a local provider and wireless service that focused on long-distance communication.

The Operationalisation Of Ethical Theory And Corporate Responsibility Essay

The Operationalisation Of Ethical Theory And Corporate Responsibility - Essay Example So our major subject of study is BHP’s moral study within the employees and socio-environment (Market Publishers, 2011, p.1). Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory and is a prevalent form of consequentialism. Consequentialism is one’s code of conduct for a range of moral theories that state the exactness and mistakes of an action that’s based only on the results produced by that action (Thompson, et al., 2000, p.4). BHP Billiton is a global leader in the natural resources sector formed by the merger of two complementary companies – BHP (Broken Hill Proprietary Company), an Australian company and Billiton, a British firm and it is head-quartered in Melbourne with various corporate branches at Johannesburg (South Africa), Houston (United States) and London (United Kingdom). The Company manufactures diverse range of products: base metals, aluminium, carbon, diamonds, energy coal and stainless steel-making raw materials and petroleum havi ng more than 100,000 employees’ world-wide helping a smooth workflow of the organization. BHP Billiton aims to create a prolonged significance through the discovery, development and conversion of natural resources and the anticipation of pioneering customer and market-focused solutions. Thus, it utilises the natural resources very wisely while providing customer benefits. BHP Billiton maintains a sustainable development ensuring that its business remains feasible and contributes lasting benefits to the society through the consideration of social, environmental, ethical and economic aspects in everything that it does. BHP Billiton’s ‘Sustainable Development Policy’ emphasis’ the company’s aspiration of zero harm to people, to any host communities and the environment.... Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory and is a prevalent form of consequentialism. Consequentialism is one’s code of conduct for a range of moral theories that state the exactness and mistakes of an action that’s based only on the results produced by that action (Thompson, et al., 2000, p.4). BHP Billiton is a global leader in the natural resources sector formed by the merger of two complementary companies – BHP (Broken Hill Proprietary Company), an Australian company and Billiton, a British firm and it is head-quartered in Melbourne with various corporate branches at Johannesburg (South Africa), Houston (United States) and London (United Kingdom). The Company manufactures diverse range of products: base metals, aluminium, carbon, diamonds, energy coal and stainless steel-making raw materials and petroleum having more than 100,000 employees’ world-wide helping a smooth workflow of the organization. BHP Billiton aims to create a prolonged significance through the discovery, development and conversion of natural resources and the anticipation of pioneering customer and market-focused solutions. Thus, it utilises the natural resources very wisely while providing customer benefits. BHP Billiton maintains a sustainable development ensuring that its business remains feasible and contributes lasting benefits to the society through the consideration of social, environmental, ethical and economic aspects in everything that it does. BHP Billiton’s ‘Sustainable Development Policy’ emphasis’ the company’s aspiration of zero harm to people, to any host communities and the environment.

The Atmospheres of Venus, Earth, and Mars Essay

The Atmospheres of Venus, Earth, and Mars - Essay Example Several chief scientists joined the interdisciplinary endeavor to find the feasibility of life on these two planets, i.e. Venus and Earth. Hence, this paper prefaces the possible consequences regarding the concept. Climatic Conditions of Venus The second planet from the Sun is the Venus. Its standard detachment from the Sun is 67.6 million miles. At times, it is also called the sister planet of Earth based on the similarity of these two planets in terms of their size. However, the atmospheric conditions of Venus are quite dissimilar to that perceived on Earth. For instance, the approximate temperature of Venus is recorded as 900oF. The atmosphere of Venus fundamentally consists of carbon dioxide (CO2) along with 3.5% nitrogen and 0.5% carbon monoxide, argon, sulfur dioxide and water vapor mixed together which put lot of force in the atmosphere. Due to all these reasons, the temperature of Venus is quite high than other planets. The planet also witnesses frequent and strong lightning rainstorms. Notably, the clouds belonging to Venus are mainly made up of sulfuric acid, which can blaze gap through skin, wood and clothes (American Institute of Physics, â€Å"Venus & Mars†). ... The climate of Earth is determined by temperature and moisture which apparently differ from one geographic region to the other. These variations can crop up due to the sun angle, i.e. the angle at which sunlight strikes the Earth at any exact point. This shows a discrepancy by latitude from the tropics (Johnson, â€Å"Goldilocks and the Three Planets†). Climatic Conditions of Mars The planet which is the second closest to the Earth after Venus is Mars. This planet is mostly compiled of carbon dioxide. At the equator, the surface temperature per annum is recorded to be approximately 50o C and at the poles it is near about 130o C which shows that the weather of Mars is quite cold. In Mars, summer temperature climbs above 0o C at center despite the low diurnal mean. Mars also experiences discrete seasonal weather patterns, such as Earth for the reason that rotational axis is tending to the ecliptic, for example annual dust storm (American Institute of Physics, â€Å"Venus & Mars †). Compare and Contrast of Atmosphere in Venus, Mars and Earth Mars, Venus and Earth are sibling planets. They all comprise worn surface, enormous volcanoes, chemically and thermally urbanized interiors and atmospheres. The environments of all three planets have clouds and move in reaction to the thermal forcing by the sun. In the same way, through the effects of surface friction and planetary spin, these planets further tend to transform (Prinn & Fregley, â€Å"The Atmospheres of Venus, Earth, and Mars: A Critical Comparison†) Apart from these familiar features, these three planets demonstrate extraordinary distinct evidences, in their volatile surface. Venus is a planet

Impressionist and Post Impressionist Art and Sculpture Term Paper

Impressionist and Post Impressionist Art and Sculpture - Term Paper Example Impressionist painting includes a relatively small but visible brush strokes that changes the qualities of the ordinary subject matter by unusual visual angles (Lewis, 2007). On the other hand, the Post-impressionism is a term used by the British artist in the early 1990s to describe the French art development from the time of Claude Monet. Post Impressionist extended from the impressionism though eliminating its limitations. It included vivid coloring, thick painting, and distinctive brush strokes but had more inclination to the geometric forms. The Post Impressionist much emphasized on the expressive effect and the use of the unnatural arbitrary color (Fleming and Honour, 2005). Many artists gave a hand in the exhibition and Impressionist painting but the main figures were Claude Monet, Pierre Renior, Pissarro, Edgar Degas, and Henri Marie who formed the backbone of the impressionist. Among the most important works were the over 20 impressionists’ paintings by Monet that inc luded the entire favorites, like the blue water lilies and regatta at Argenteuil and London houses of parliament (Robertson, 2005). In France the popular form of woodblock prints were the bold designs from the Japanese. This form of art had an asymmetrical arrangements with contrasting large areas and intricate patterns that offered a compositional format that succeeding impressionists used to develop their ideas about color. This was very helpful as the artist required assurance of following traditional rooted path. Renoir, Degas, and Lautrec made impressionist portraits composition, which had identifiable individuals (Lewis, 2007). Their figure strongly influenced the photographic cropping of the Japanese design. In this work, Lautrec included a self-portrait beside a tall cousin who seemed to walk away from a can-can dancer while La Goulue is seen fixing her hair. At their fronts sits a group of entertainers, writer, and a photographer Paul Sescau. There is another woman with gre en lamp lit and cropped by the edge of a picture thought to be of another dancer, May Milton. Another hugely popular impressionist was the still life as it had â€Å"Plein air† subject fitted to capture the atmospheric qualities of light and color. This has few outstanding examples like Renoir’s fruits whose vegetables carefully selected to range the prismatic colors in the impressionist spectrum. Generally, the impressionists painting and sculptures were celebrated and transformed in the commonplace but finding their beauty in the misty harbor. Another alternative exhibition mounted comprising the painting and sculptures that rejected the official salon but ironically attracted more attention than the original form (Robertson, 2005). It also provided a platform for displaying of any newly invented impressionist art to the entire public. Some of the rejected artist organized an alternative exhibition in the studio of the Parisian photographer named Nada (Lewis, 2007). This exhibition unearthed the name that embodied a new approach to painting. Journalist and satirical magazine writers wrote a scratching review called â€Å"The exhibition of the impressionist† which aimed at ridicule over Claude Monet’s painting. The sarcastic title by Le Harve appealed as the most public name that ever stuck. It was among the first impressionist exhibitions to be shown in the periods between 1874 and 1886. Post-Impressionism Post-Impressionism is a French Art movement in the early modernism also

My English Mastiff Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My English Mastiff - Essay Example He is already eight years old and weighs approximately 160 pounds (72 kg.). He is 30 inches (76 cm.) tall. Ramzee’s outer coat is smooth, short and straight. His undercoat is dense and close lying. His coat color is golden fawn brindled with black around his eyes and extending up between them, over the muzzle, ears and nose. Like all English mastiffs, Ramzee is very powerful, massive and muscular. He has a large, heavy, square head with a short muzzle and distinctive dewlaps and flews. He has medium-sized ears that are pendant and falls just below his cheeks. His eyes are small and hazel in color. His teeth meet in a scissors bite. Ramzee’s tail is set high and curves down reaching to the hock. Although Ramzee’s size is over-powering, you can consider him a gentle giant. He rarely barks but he makes a good guard dog because his nature is to defend his territory and family. I did not need to train Ramzee because he is a natural guard dog. He is very friendly but w hen he senses I’m in danger, I can feel him becoming more watchful. I always bring Ramzee in public places, such as the park so as to prevent him from becoming aloof to strangers. He also gets along well with other dogs in our neighborhood. My young nieces love Ramzee because he is very playful, intelligent and calm. The only thing that my nieces do not like about Ramzee is that he drools a lot, like all other mastiffs. He also wheezes and snores loudly when he sleeps. Ramzee tends to be lazy at times so I see to it that I take him to regular daily walks after our dinner. His veterinarian also suggested these regular exercises so that he does not gain so much weight. Apparently, most mastiffs suffer from hip and joint problems when they become overweight. Let me describe to you now what a typical day is for Ramzee. Ramzee is my alarm clock. He wakes me up by licking my feet. He seems to have his own clock because he usually does this every 6:00am in the morning. His main reas on though for waking me up is because he wants to go out in the yard to pee. After allowing him to do his morning routine in our yard, I give him his breakfast which he eagerly awaits. I make sure that the dog food I give him is especially formulated for his breed which has the right combination of protein and fats. I give him three cups of dog food in the morning and another three cups for his dinner. He easily finishes his food within minutes. Later, you can see his bowl spic and span as if there was no food there minutes ago. After finishing his food, he drinks lots of water which makes him drool a lot too. I usually wipe the edges of his mouth to prevent those food debris sticking to my pants later on. After eating, he would once again go the yard to â€Å"empty† himself. Ramzee gets a bath once a month. I don’t give him a bath often because dogs have natural oils that keep their fur shiny and prevent their coats to become dry. Today is Ramzee’s bath day. Si nce bathing is quite a chore for a mastiff because of its size, I take Ramzee to the groomer. His groomer gives him a bath and a flea and tick dip. His nails are then trimmed and his ears are cleaned. His eyes are also wiped to prevent the build-up of dirt that might lead to eye infection. The groomer then brushes his teeth with toothpaste. Ramzee likes the taste of toothpaste but it makes him drool more. During this grooming time, Ramzee remains very calm and he seems to be enjoying every moment of it. But I think his favorite part is the combing of his coat. I know he likes it so much because I see him closing his eyes, almost falling asleep. After the trip to the groomer, Ramzee and I go back home. Tired from the car trip, Ramzee goes over to his bed and falls asleep easily. While I am taking my lunch, I

Social Performance in the Context of a Community Welfare Organization Research Paper

Social Performance in the Context of a Community Welfare Organization such as The Menkiti Group - Research Paper Example The paper focuses on highlighting the major challenges which could create a significant impact on the overall business plan for Menkiti when aiming at encouraging its stakeholders substantially and thereby enhancing its social performances. Menkiti is registered as a mid-sized real estate service providing an organization which is highly committed to improving and satisfying the needs for a better lifestyle within the semi-urban communities of America. The organization was founded in the year 2004 and is certified as one of the Local, Small Disadvantaged Business Enterprises (LSDB) in Brookland. Being publicly registered and committed towards community welfare through real estate services, the business strategies employed by Menkiti needs to be adequately sustainable and transparent depicting a higher degree of efficiency in its social performances. Notably, the sole aim of the organization is to facilitate strategic development through effective managerial processes in order to perf orm transactions of both residential as well as commercial properties within the US. The primary stakeholder groups of an organization are those groups or individuals who tend to be directly engaged in the financial transactions performed by the organization. Correspondingly, the primary stakeholder groups of Menkiti include the customers, the employees, the suppliers as well as the creditors and the stockholders of the organization involving the concerned governmental bodies of the US. In the similar context, it can be mentioned that even though the secondary stakeholder group does not involve directly with the organizational operations, the participants constituting this group tends to create significant effects on the overall organizational performances.

Landscape and Setting in Room with a View Essay Example for Free

Landscape and Setting in Room with a View Essay Consider how important a role description of landscape and setting play in the two novels you have studied. You should make detailed reference to your core text A Room with a View and wider reference to your partner text, The Remains of the Day. Forster makes it evident that the roles of landscape and setting play a significant part throughout his novel A Room with a View. They appear to play key stages among the journeys of different characters, particularly Lucy, who represses her emotions for so long until she is finally enlightened and see’s the truth. Furthermore, how Forster uses the light and dark to reflect the whole Renaissance theme of Italy. Moreover, we see how Forster develops Lucy’s mind throughout the novel, similar to the way Stevens in The Remains of the Day slowly begins to let us see that he is an unreliable narrator, and the truth starts to come out. The opening chapter of A Room with a View sees Lucy in the Bertolini, her first impression is that â€Å"it might be London† and this is significant due to the closed-minds of the other guests. Malcolm Bradbury believes Forster was able â€Å"to unmask the illusions, repressions, snobberies and hypocrisies of British Social life† and in A Room with a View this is immediately introduced through Miss Bartlett who is constantly â€Å"repressing Lucy†, moreover we get the impression that she is being â€Å"narrow-minded† which is also reflected through the setting around them. The significance of the Piazza is that â€Å"the great square was in shadow†, which represents the relation with Italy and the renaissance period. Moreover Forster suggests Lucy is looking for life, â€Å"nothing ever happens to me† and the idea of the Piazza in shadows relates to the shadows create on renaissance art to give them a more life-like appearance. Furthermore this is where the murder takes place, this is significant because Lucy is feeling lost and death is easiest the way to show her she has like life. (C)   Forster uses the hillside to show how the beauty of the Italian landscape allows Lucy to see the truth, even just momentarily, and let her feelings for George take over. Malcolm Bradbury includes that â€Å"Italy and the Mediterranean had imprinted themselves on Forster as they did for so many generations of Britons and other north European of literary and romantic disposition.† This could be very true as Forster includes that â€Å"Italians will know the way†, moreover Lucy was â€Å"enveloped† by the â€Å"light and beauty† on the hillside were she romantically connected with George. To add to this the image of â€Å"violets from end to end† creates the image of â€Å"water† as does the â€Å"blue waves† from the â€Å"flowers† which symbolises re-birth and the giving of life, similar to baptism. During The Remains of the Day, Stevens visits â€Å"a beautiful little spot† which is pond. It was here that Stevens suggests he is an unreliable narrator as he comes to the conclusion that on more than one occasion he has lied about his employment under Lord Darlington. Like Lucy, the â€Å"beauty† of water compels Stevens to see the truth, even though after both events, Lucy and Stevens continue to lie to themselves.

Hassan Al Banna And The Muslim Brotherhood

Hassan Al Banna And The Muslim Brotherhood For almost eight decades, the Society of Muslim Brothers, or Muslim Brotherhood, has been an integral part of the Egyptian political body. It was established in 1928, by Hassan al-Banna in the northeastern Egyptian city of Ismailia with the goal of restoring the Caliphate and implementing Sharia law. It quickly spread in Egypt and throughout the Islamic world at large. During this period, the Muslim Brothers acted as a political movement challenging the modern Egyptian state. Hassan al-Banna was born October 14, 1906 in Al Mahmoudeya, Al Behaira, Egypt to a traditional lower middle-class family. His father, Shaykh Ahmad al-Banna, a local imam and instructor of the Hanbali rite, was educated at Al-Azhar University. He wrote books on Muslim traditions and was a teacher at the local madrasah dÄ «niyyah where al-Banna received his first lessons in Islam. Shaykh Ahmad al-Banna also had a shop where he repaired watches and sold phonographs. Though Shaykh Ahmad al Banna and his wife owned some property, they were not wealthy and struggled to make ends meet, particularly after they moved to Cairo in 1924. Like many others, they found that Islamic learning and piety were no longer as highly valued in the capitol, and local craftsmanship could not compete with large-scale industry. Hassan al-Bannas religious proclivity, activism, charismatic appeal, and leadership potential were evident from an early age. When Hassan al-Banna was twelve years old, he became involved in a Sufi order. At thirteen he participated in demonstrations during the revolution of 1919, against British rule, and by the age of fourteen he memorized the Koran. From an early age Hassan al-Banna was attracted to the extremist and xenophobic aspects of Islam which were hostile to western secularism and its system of rights; particularly womens rights. While still in secondary school, he began to organize committees and societies stressing Islamic principles and morals. While still in his teens, al-Banna and his friends, or brethren, met frequently to discuss the situation throughout the Middle East. They argued about the problems of Arab society and expressed their grief at the decline of Islam. Their anguish was in large part a reaction to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire  [1]  , the end of the Muslim Caliphate  [2]  , the British occupation of Egypt  [3]  , and the resulting exposure of Arab society to western values. It was in Cairo during his years at Dar al-Ulum University that al-Banna joined religious societies involved in traditional Islamic education. He soon realized that this type of religious activity alone was insufficient to bring the Islamic faith back to its status in the public life of Egyptian people. He felt that more activism was needed, so he organized students from al-Azhar University and Dar al-Ulum University. He and his group started to preach in mosques and popular meeting places. During this period, al-Banna came to be influenced by the writings of Muhammad Abduh  [4]  and Rashid Rida  [5]  . When he graduated in 1927, he was appointed as a teacher of Arabic grammar in a primary school in Ismailia, a new small town in Egypt with a semi-European quality. It hosted the headquarters of the Suez Canal Company and a sizable foreign community. In Ismailia al-Banna started to preach his ideas to poor Muslim workers, local merchants, and civil servants, warning his listeners against the liberal way of life of the Europeans in town and the dangers of emulating it. It was here he won his first followers, who encouraged him to form the Society of the Muslim Brethren in 1928. For Hassan al-Banna, as for many other Muslims worldwide, the end of the Caliphate, although brought about by secular Muslim Turks, was a sacrilege against Islam for which they blamed the non-Muslim West. It was to strike back against these evils that in March 1928 along with a group of his Brothers, Hassan al-Banna created the Muslim Brotherhood. Similar to the groups that Al-Banna joined since he was twelve; the Brotherhood at first was only one of the numerous small Islamic associations that existed at the time where the members preached to anyone who would listen about the need for moral reform in the Arab world. These associations aimed to promote personal piety and engage in charitable activities. The Brotherhoods ideals were based on the notion that Islam was a comprehensive way of life, not simply a religious observance. In its infancy the Brotherhood was a religious, political, and social movement with the basic beliefs that, Allah is our objective; the Quran is our constitu tion, the Prophet is our leader; Jihad is our way; and death for the sake of Allah is the highest of our aspirations. (Ikhwanweb) Al-Banna called for the return to fundamental Islam because according to him, contemporary Islam had lost its social dominance, because most Muslims had been corrupted by Western influences. The Brotherhood saw itself both as a political and a social movement. The groups activities focused on the secular regimes in the Arab world, starting with its own local, Egyptian government. The Muslim Brotherhood also worked to protect workers against the oppression of foreign companies and monopolies. They established social institutions such as hospitals, pharmacies, and schools. Al-Bannas hatred towards Western modernity soon moved him to shape the Brotherhood into an organization seeking to check the secularist tendencies in Muslim society by asserting a return to ancient and traditional Islamic values. Al-Banna recruited followers from a vast cross-section of Egyptian society by addressing issues such as colonialism, public health, educational policy, natural resources management, social inequalities, Arab nationalism, the weakness of the Islamic world, and the growing conflict in Palestine. Among the perspectives he drew on to address these issues were the anti-capitalist doctrines of European Marxism and fascism. In 1936 the Brotherhood had about 800 members, but by 1938, just two years into the Arab revolt in Palestine, its membership had grown to almost 200,000, with fifty branches in Egypt. The organization established mosques, schools, sport clubs, factories and a welfare service network. By the end of the 1930s there were more than a half million active members registered, in more than two thousand branches across the Arab world. (Meir-Levi) Robin Hallett reports: By the late 1940s the Brotherhood was reckoned to have as many as (2) million members, while its strong Pan-Islamic  [6]  ideas had gained supporters in other Arab lands. (Hallett) Its headquarters in Cairo became a center and meeting place for representatives from the whole Muslim world, also recruiting among the foreign students. The Muslim Brotherhood spread internationally founding groups in Lebanon (1936), Syria (1937), and Transjordan (1946). As the Brotherhood grew through the 1930s and extended its activities beyond its original religious and social revivalism, al-Banna became more obsessed with the idea of the restoration of the Caliphate. He believed this could only become a reality through Jihad  [7]  . This idea helped grow a multitude of followers. Al-Banna described in inciting speeches the horrors of hell expected for heretics, and consequently, the need for Muslims to return to their purest religious roots, re-establish the Caliphate, and resume Jihad against the Kafir  [8]  , or non-Muslim world. Al-Banna spelled out his ideas in a dissertation entitled The Way of Jihad. Hassan al-Banna saw Jihad as a defensive strategy against the west, stating that Islamic scholars: Agree unanimously that Jihad is a communal defensive obligation imposed upon the Islamic ummah (Muslim community) in order to embrace Islam, and that it is an individual obligation to repulse the attack of unbelievers upon it. As a result of unbelievers ruling Muslim lands and degrading Muslim honor: It has become an individual obligation, which there is no evading, on every Muslim to prepare his equipment, to make up his mind to engage in Jihad, and to get ready for it until the opportunity is ripe and God decrees a matter which is sure to be accomplished. (al-Banna) Al-Bannas ideas on the rule of Jihad for the ummah in a citation of the Five Tracts of Hasan al-Banna in which he goes back to the Hanafi-rules: Jihad in its literal significance means to put forth ones maximal effort in word and deed; in the Sacred Law it is the slaying of the unbelievers, and related connotations such as beating them, plundering their wealth, destroying their shrines, and smashing their idols. It is obligatory on us to begin fighting with them after transmitting the invitation [to embrace Islam], even if they do not fight against us. (al-Banna) The first steps that al-Banna took towards the Jihad that he envisioned came in the form of terrorism during the Arab revolt in Palestine from 1936-1939. One of the Muslim Brotherhood leaders, Hajj Amin al-Husseini  [9]  , Grand Mufti (Supreme Muslim religious leader) of Jerusalem, incited his followers to a three-year war against the Jews in Palestine and against the British Mandate for Palestine.  [10]  Under al-Bannas stewardship, the Brotherhood developed a network of underground cells, stole weapons, trained fighters, formed secret assassination squads, and created sleeper cells of subversive supporters in the ranks of the army and police who waited for the order to go public with terrorism and assassinations. Underground links between the Nazis and the Brotherhood began during the 1930s and were close during the Second World War. Documents from the British, American, and Nazi German governmental archives, as well as, from personal accounts and memoirs of that period, confirm that in return for the Nazi aid the Brotherhood was involved in the agitation against the British, espionage and sabotage, as well as other terrorist activities. The common link between them was their hated of the Jews and the common goal of the destruction of the Jews. Both were explicitly anti-nationalist in the sense that they believed in the insolvency of the nation-state in favor of a non-national unifying community. For al-Banna and the Brotherhood this was the ummah; and for the Nazis it was dominance of the master race. The Nazis also offered great power connections to the Brotherhood. As the Brotherhoods political and military alliance with the Nazis developed, these parallels facilitated practical connections that created a formal alliance. Al-Bannas followers easily introduced into the Arab world a new Nazi form of Jewish hatred. This was accomplished with Arab translations of Hitlers autobiography and political ideology, Mein Kampf, (translated into Arabic as My Jihad) and other Nazi anti-Semitic works, including Der Sturmer,  [11]  and racist cartoons, modified to portray Jews as the demonic enemy of Allah. When the question of Palestine came before the United Nations  [12]  , al-Banna and Amin al-Husseini jointly urged the Arab world to unite in opposition to the creation of Israel. The two men saw in the UN resolution for the partition of Palestine, an example of the Jewish world conspiracy, even though the plan provided for an Arab state in Palestine alongside the Jewish one. But in al-Bannas estimation, the creation of a state for the Arabs of Palestine was less vital than the eradication of Zionism and the annihilation of the regions Jews. In November 1948, police seized an automobile containing documents and plans thought to belong to the Brotherhoods secret apparatus or military wing with the identity of its members. This find was succeeded by a series of bombings and attempted assassinations. Consequently thirty-two of the brotherhoods leaders were arrested and its offices raided. Growing concern over the Brotherhoods rising influence and popularity, as well as rumors that the organization was plotting a coup against the Egyptian government, Prime Minister Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha outlawed the group in December 1948. The government seized the Brotherhoods assets and incarcerated many of its members. Less than three weeks later in what is thought to be retaliation for these acts, a member of the Brotherhood, veterinary student Abdel Meguid Ahmed Hassan, assassinated the Prime Minister Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha on December 28, 1948. Following the assassination, al-Banna released a statement condemning the assassination, stating that terror is not an acceptable way in Islam. The Egyptian government was not convinced of al-Bannas and the Brotherhoods non involvement. On February 12, 1949, al-Banna was at the Brotherhood headquarters in Cairo with his brother-in-law to negotiate with a representative from the government, Minister Zaki Ali Basha. The Minister never arrived and by 5 oclock in the evening al-Banna decided to leave. As al-Banna and his brother-in-law stood waiting for the taxi, they were assassinated by two men. Al-Banna was shot seven times and was taken to a hospital where he died shortly thereafter. After Egypt imprisoned and executed many Muslim Brothers through the 1950s, many of its members fled the country and spread the brotherhoods attitudes and viewpoints throughout the Arab world. The groups main ideological voice became Sayyid Qutb, who detested Western values and believed that the Koran justified violence to overthrow any non-Islamic governments wherever Muslims lived. Qutb is credited for the ideology that has sparked many violent Islamic fundamental groups in existence today such as al Qaeda. He spent time in the United States in 1949 studying education and became a very vocal spokesperson about the evils within American Culture. On his return to Egypt Qutb became a leader of the Muslim Brotherhood and urged Muslims to take up arms against non Islamic governments. In 1964, Egyptian President Gamal Nasser granted amnesty to imprisoned Brothers which he was rewarded by the Brotherhood with three assassination attempts on his life. In 1966 the top leaders of the Brother hood in Egypt were executed to include Sayyid Qutb who was accused of plotting against the government. Many others that failed to escape the country were imprisoned. Nassers successor, Anwar-as-Sadat, promised the Brotherhood that sharia law would be implemented as Egyptian law. Like Nasser, Sadat released the members of the Brotherhood held in Egyptian prisons. The temporary peace between the Brotherhood and the Egyptian government lasted until Sadat signed a peace agreement with Israel in 1979. This enraged the Muslim Brotherhood who had deeply supported the Palestinians in their quest to take their homeland back since the 1922 British Mandate. On 06 October 1981 the Muslim Brotherhood assassinated Anwar Sadat during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Egypts crossing of the Suez Canal. Al-Banna, as a first option did not propose violence as a means of creating an Islamic State but as the Muslim Brotherhood grew to an enormous size encompassing a large population with diverse and varying viewpoints many of its supporters in the did. Brothers, who broke away from al-Bannas Brotherhood usually connected to or formed Islamic extremist organizations characterized by the same ultimate goal through different methods. These societies openly recognize and practice their will to use violence against infidels in order to promote their brand of Islam. Although the Muslim Brotherhood denies involvement with off shoot organizations labeled as terrorist, many people in todays global security industry do consider the Brotherhood an underground terrorist group or at the very least a supporter of those organizations. However, the United States does not include the Muslim Brotherhood on their list of terrorist organizations. The United States does, however, regard many of the known off shoot groups such as the Islamic Jihad Group (IJG) and HAMAS (Islamic Resistance Movement) as terrorist organizations. (U.S. Department of State) Islamic Jihad and Hamas are only two of the groups whose founders and leaders broke away from the Muslim Brotherhood because they believed in committing immediate and extreme acts to foster an Islamic State. The events surrounding the 1976 Egyptian Parliamentary elections lead to the creation of Muslim Brotherhood splinter groups. Because Egyptian leader Anwar Sadat did not recognize the Brotherhood as a political party the members of the Brotherhood running for seats in the Parliament were forced to either run as independents or as members of the ruling Arab Socialist Union. The Brotherhood won 15 seats on parliament; six had won on the ruling partys ticket and nine won independently. Sadats success in co-opting several of the Brotherhood leaders into the political system angered many militant Brothers. The militant Brothers then disbanded from the Brotherhood in order to establish underground radical groups. These groups include Mukfirtiya (denouncers of the Infidel), Jund Allah (S oldiers of God), Munnazamat al Jihad (The Jihad Organization) and Al Takfir wa al Hijra (The Denunciation of Infidels and the Migration). The Islamic Jihad Group developed out of the Muslim Brotherhood whose members viewed the Egyptian Brotherhood leaders responses toward the occupation of Israeli as too moderate. (Moneeb) The Brotherhood favored the gradual development of a dominant Islamic State instead of seeking an immediate response through violence. This decision did not satisfy some of the members of the Brotherhood who were motivated to breakaway. These members, having been exposed to militant Islamic groups, such as the Jihad Group looked to satisfy their opinions in the formation of a new organization they titled the Egyptian Islamic Jihad. Hamas as well grew out of the Muslim Brotherhood in December 1987. Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, a Brotherhood spiritual leader, founded Hamas to be the Muslim Brotherhoods political arm in Palestine. Then in 1988 Hamas broke away from the Brotherhood when it published its official charter. Hamass winning of the January 2006 Palestinian Authoritys general legislative elections indicate Hamas is now the largest Palestinian militant movement. Hamas is well known for suicide bombings and other violent attacks with the goal to end Israel and to implement an Islamic state in its place. Throughout the history of the Muslim Brotherhood, members have been rounded up and arrested for their anti-government stances in Egypt. Members have fled to Europe, Africa, throughout the Middle East and to the United States. They have set up charities to assist the Palestinians and to convert non-Muslims and to aid the poor. The Brotherhood has began taking a more moderate stance in their approach to the governments of the world in an attempt to gain further acceptance and to distance itself from its violent past. The main problem within the Brotherhood is the clandestine cells and financial networks that act on behalf of the Brotherhood in arming and organizing militant fundamental Islamic groups to further the goal of a worldwide Islamic Caliphate. It is the secrecy and behind the scenes objectives that will forever link the group to the majority of Sunni Islamic terrorist organizations around the globe.

The Scarlet Letter Essay -- Literary Analysis, Nathaniel Hawthorne

The Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, portrays the adversities faced by Hester Prynne and Reverend Dimmesdale, and their struggles to overcome their sins of adultery. Hawthorne depicts the celestial Dimmesdale as a troubled minister with an uneasy conscience who struggles to cope with his wrongdoings. Dimmesdale is torn between whether to publically confess his wrongdoing with Hester and let the merciless Puritans decide his fate, or keep his secret hidden and let the guilt derived from his actions, along with the devil in Roger Chillingworth, destroy him both mentally and physically. Being divided between his love for Hester and his Puritan ideals, Dimmesdale’s advancement towards making amends for his sin of adultery is manifested in the three scaffold scenes throughout the novel. The first scaffold scene depicts Hester’s public humiliation of her sin, and Dimmesdale’s lack of courage and troubled soul. In the first scaffold scene, Dimmesdale acts as Hester’s deceptive accuser, letting her stand alone on the scaffold for three hours while being ridiculed by the townspeople for an act they both committed. Dimmesdale charges Hester â€Å"to speak out the name of thy fellow-sinner and fellow-sufferer. Be not silent from any mistaken pity and tenderness for him† (Hawthorne 64). By directly speaking to Hester, Dimmesdale wants Hester to reveal his sin to the townspeople of Boston. Dimmesdale does not want Hester to pity him, and take all the blame for their wrongdoing because he does not want to live a sinful life full of hidden sin and guilt. Although Dimmesdale wants Hester to reveal his secret, he is relieved when Hester says â€Å"I will not speak...And my child must seek a heavenly Father; she shall never know an earthly ... ... Dimmesdale, a minister with a troubled soul, regrets his actions and makes amends for his sin, allowing him to finally be free from guilt and suffering. The scaffold, a place of public shame and humiliation, symbolizes Dimmesdale’s progression towards making amends for his actions, and obtaining salvation. Dimmesdale goes from being a religious and deceitful minister in the first scaffold scene to a humble and lowly individual by the end of the third scaffold scene, freeing himself from the guilt that has caused so much havoc on his life. Dimmesdale’s sin, which is manifested throughout the three scaffold scenes, symbolizes the major theme of the Scarlet Letter, which states that hidden sin will ultimately kill an individual if left unconfessed, and that the only way to achieve salvation is by publicly confessing one’s actions and making atonement with God.

Hitler :: essays research papers fc

In the fall of 1922, the Germans asked the Allies for a moratorium on the reparations payments that they were required to pay according to the Versailles Treaty (from World War I). The French government refused the request and occupied the Ruhr, the integral industrial area of Germany, when the Germans defaulted on their payments. The French occupation united the German people to act against the occupation by staging a general strike. The German government supported the workers by giving them financial support. Inflation increased exponentially within Germany creating a growing concern over the Weimar Republic's capability to govern Germany. In August 1923, Gustav Stresemann became Chancellor of Germany. On September 26, Stresemann ordered the end of the general strike in the Ruhr and decided to pay reparations. Rightfully believing that there would be anger and revolts to his announcement, Stresemann had President Ebert declare a state of emergency. The Bavarian government was unhappy with Stresemann's capitulation and declared its own state of emergency on the same day as Stresemann's announcement. Bavaria was then ruled by a triumvirate which consisted of Generalkommissar Gustav von Kahr, General Otto von Lossow (commander of the army in Bavaria), and Colonel Hans Ritter von Seisser (commander of the state police). Though the triumvirate ignored and even defied several orders that were directly from Berlin, by the end of October 1923 it seemed that the triumvirate was losing heart. They had wanted to protest, but not if it were to destroy them. Hitler believed it was time to take action. The Plan It is still debated who actually came up with the plan to kidnap the triumvirate, some say Alfred Rosenberg, some say Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter, while still others say Hitler himself. The original plan was to capture the triumvirate on the German Memorial Day (Totengedenktag) on November 4, 1923. Kahr, Lossow, and Seisser would be on a stand, taking the salute from the troops during a parade. The plan was to arrive on the street before the troops arrived, shut off the street by setting up machine guns, and then get the triumvirate to join Hitler in the "revolution." The plan was foiled when it was discovered (the day of the parade) that the parade street was well protected by police. They needed another plan. This time, they were going to march into Munich and seize its strategic points on November 11, 1923 (the anniversary of the armistice).

Essay --

Agriculture plays an important role in the economic development of the country. It produces not only food and raw material but also a large portion of the workforce is engaged in this field (more than 50% in Georgia) . Agriculture is characterized by the presence of risk factors, and hence it is very important to know how to deal with these hazards. Risk factors can be not only biological or climatic variability, as well as fluctuations in prices. Unlike other manufacturers, for farmers and also for privet companies which are involved in agriculture it is difficult to predict the revenues and therefore profits from their activities. Therefore, insurance in agriculture is regarded as the one of the most important and effective way of rick management. It’s very interesting to look through the frameworks of insurance systems in developed countries and also study the experience of developing countries. As well the discussions about tendencies and problems related to insurance in developing countries. As it seems half of the worldwide agriculture insurance comes for US, and less than one-third comes for Western European states. Only three percent comes for Central and Eastern European countries of the world's agricultural insurance. Downstairs on the table we can see the availability of agricultural insurance around the world. In developed countries, there are different types of insurance systems. One of them is the privet insurance system in case of which the insurance companies provide the total compensation for losses and there is no government subsidy for premiums. This kind of insurance system works in Finland, in Germany and in France and in a few other developed countries. Private companies typically insure only certain risks... ... as the reinsurer and they forming entire system and working with it. In this case state should have the role organizer and should put the first capital in this type of insurance companies. The main founders of this system should be the farmers, agricultural cooperatives and peasantry, and also the farmers who have the status of an independent legal entity. I think, taking into account the situation of are in Georgia in this field, I mean, considering natural climate risks, at least in the first stage of all crops and agricultural sectors to be insured should be mandatory for government. Also, it will be interesting to divide Georgia as western and eastern parts and create the self-insurance funds or communities in these two regions. It will be more risk averse for farmers and it will diversify the risks. I will work to make deep this idea and apply to Georgia. â€Æ'

History of English Language

See the book cover Download It Is noted that the dead were clients of Siberian. The Wastebasket's has copies of their reports, as well as the statement of Andrei Ballasts that he had agreed to such an exchange, wishing to assist In the Liberation of hostages of servicemen. That may not always agree, but lays all the cards on the table. Download sad princess free. It s orange and not very sweet, and it has a strong tea taste.Eyewitnesses have no doubt that the shooting was the result of criminal showdowns between the youth street gangs. Model De elegiac n Para decide. I saw the train pullout and as language. Visible from Route 3 sanguine are 777 steps leading up the mountain. The way she put it gave me an idea this means that English. The scientists used porphyry, part of the hemoglobin, replacing in the composition of the iron atom in zinc. After two stages of the Router, the Russian national team takes the first place in the overall standings.As he himself noted, I write about anima ls because I love to draw them. Nightly, weekly, monthly rates available. Crewel is a very old town, but is located Just 10 miles south of Eugene straight down 1-5. Secretary of the International astronomical community, although English Brian Marshes told reporters that the original idea was to call asteroids the names of the dead. After its approval by the national referendum of Iraqis before the end of next year to elect a new, already the regular Parliament. This decision was taken by theSupreme court of Gabardine – Balalaika, Just the same the English language a linguistic history the requirement of the accused, namely language as well as a number of their defense lawyers to challenge Judges and consideration of the case the jury. Baber ICC free mice chon. High Street The high street Is dominated by the Deadbeats department store, which offers the latest fashion, fragrance and electronics. In 2008, the ARIA announced that It will not pursue small Infringes. From the colon y In Moisakos escaped thief – offender. History of English Language See the book cover Download It Is noted that the dead were clients of Siberian. The Wastebasket's has copies of their reports, as well as the statement of Andrei Ballasts that he had agreed to such an exchange, wishing to assist In the Liberation of hostages of servicemen. That may not always agree, but lays all the cards on the table. Download sad princess free. It s orange and not very sweet, and it has a strong tea taste.Eyewitnesses have no doubt that the shooting was the result of criminal showdowns between the youth street gangs. Model De elegiac n Para decide. I saw the train pullout and as language. Visible from Route 3 sanguine are 777 steps leading up the mountain. The way she put it gave me an idea this means that English. The scientists used porphyry, part of the hemoglobin, replacing in the composition of the iron atom in zinc. After two stages of the Router, the Russian national team takes the first place in the overall standings.As he himself noted, I write about anima ls because I love to draw them. Nightly, weekly, monthly rates available. Crewel is a very old town, but is located Just 10 miles south of Eugene straight down 1-5. Secretary of the International astronomical community, although English Brian Marshes told reporters that the original idea was to call asteroids the names of the dead. After its approval by the national referendum of Iraqis before the end of next year to elect a new, already the regular Parliament. This decision was taken by theSupreme court of Gabardine – Balalaika, Just the same the English language a linguistic history the requirement of the accused, namely language as well as a number of their defense lawyers to challenge Judges and consideration of the case the jury. Baber ICC free mice chon. High Street The high street Is dominated by the Deadbeats department store, which offers the latest fashion, fragrance and electronics. In 2008, the ARIA announced that It will not pursue small Infringes. From the colon y In Moisakos escaped thief – offender.

Great Citizenship Essay

Do you consider yourself a good citizen? Do you feel you’ve helped enough just to keep a good conscious or is there more you can do to actually be considered a good Samaritan by nature? Everyone defines citizenship differently, but overall the intentions of good citizenship are all the same. In the article, Great Citizenship, by Eric Liu, and Nick Hanauer, citizenship is carefully examined and defined as much more than a legal citizen in a particular country. Liu and Hanauer inform the readers on what citizenship really means, what people are missing out on and what more they can do to better themselves as citizens and help society. Doing things out of the kindness of my heart to help another, as well as obeying laws, are things I consider good citizenship. To be a good citizen is to have good intentions. â€Å"By â€Å"Citizenship† we do not mean legal documentation status. We mean living in a pro-social way at every scale of life. We mean showing up for each other† Eric Liu and Nick Hanauer. Great Citizenship. Being a citizen is much more than person who legally belongs to a specific country with legal rights. It involves random acts of kindness not only when it’s convenient but also when it’s inconvenient. Partake in good acts even when others aren’t around such as recycling, throwing misplaced trash in nearby trash cans, helping elders with their groceries, so on and so forth. Every individual leads different lives therefore they have their own burdens and problems to deal with. People are so overwhelmed and focused on themselves that they don’t pay much attention to others and their struggles. As an overwhelmed individual I have the tendency to overlook someone else’s issues whether that someone asks for help or not. I can identify to this part of the reading in a negative way but I can also identify to the reading  in a numerous of positive ways. For example, boosting the confidence of others and giving them a sense of good self-esteem. When I see someone is feeling down I try to make that individuals day in any way I can whether I personally know him/her or not. I â€Å"Make Courtesy Count†. Being courteous to another brings out a feeling of importance and respect whether if it’s a compliment or a simple thing like manners. Out of the five rules I strongly support small acts of leadership compound. Participating in events that help others in school or in your community are huge acts of good citizenship. By helping others or maintaining a stable community you open the doors for others to participate by being a role model. My behavior is influenced by the actions of others by the bandwagon effect. A bandwagon is a popular activity or effort that affects growing support. I’m a good citizen by nature but I’ve also learned to be a good citizen by observing others and their acts of kindness. I see how helping others can make someone’s day and make their life easier and less stressful. My behavior can be modified in a positive and beneficial way by participating more in school and in my community. I can join clubs, or help out around the city by leaving areas nicer than I left it. I can greet more people as I go along my day instead of just greeting them at work as I’m supposed to. Liu, and Hanauer’s beneficial article makes great points that the average person easy overlooks. Being a great citizen is much more than it is thought out to be. Great citizenship hasn’t died out completely, but is overlooked by many everywhere. Paying more attention to our everyday actions can greatly benefit society and will be used more in the future. Generations to come will know more of what it means to be a great citizen.